摘要: 阅读： 第一篇讲plow 促进了农业，可是为啥没去到sub sahara?忘了。就是为啥没去到非洲更南端。因为那儿太干，遇到tropical wind还让土变成硬的石头土。有一道概括大意的题，非常变态。我记得文中说土不能翻（本来就没营养又shallow),要砍...
阅读：
第一篇讲plow 促进了农业，可是为啥没去到sub sahara?忘了。就是为啥没去到非洲更南端。因为那儿太干，遇到tropical wind还让土变成硬的石头土。有一道概括大意的题，非常变态。我记得文中说土不能翻（本来就没营养又shallow),要砍了那些树才能让石头土变成正常的。但是树砍了又加重rain直接淋在土上，所以是个恶性循环吧。我是这么看的，后来的同学补充吖。
第一篇先是讲了plow犁这个工具的传播和使用，第二段是有了这个工具以后，有2种农作物得以发展，第三段是讲这些农作物原本是在亚洲的，他们需要热和湿的天气，如果是热和干他们就不会发展（印象中）。由于天气原因，这2种农作物就开始向着非洲南段发展，有一个什么red mill的地方气候适应这个发展。第四段好像是气候变化了，这些农作物不能再red mill这发展了，要不就是不能再向south 延伸了，忘记原文了。后来又讲到plow在非洲使用的一个制约因素，应该是耕犁的动物不适合在非洲生存。并且犁有个好几不良影响。 这篇挺不好做的，就记得这些了
Pollen Analysis in Archeology.说pollen可以用来研究vegetation的变化。但是不能完全依靠，需于其他合用才能准确。但是随着科技发展，正确率越来越高。最后一段说了考察石器时代的france，和人们之前预想的不一样。结果是更green，更temperate(考了词汇），冬天有石房子住还有很好的迁徙途经防寒。插入题是，however, this should be use with cautious.插到段首。What are the common characters of the American and French …? 答案是 他们的结果都发现了human acitvity.有道目的题问第三段的作用，我选说明单纯用这个还是不完全精确的。
The Legitimacy of Governement 第三篇。之前的jj很详细了，但是这题Charismatic Authority 我觉得有问题。有一道推理题：What can be inferred about the Charismatic leader? 答案：Most of them are related to religion.我记得不是这个选项。我记得我选的是后来他们也会turn to own traditional. 文中说他们开始是很激进的，但是最后他们会趋于保守来维护统治吧。不知道对不。这题比较简单，只要稍懂政治的都会
第三篇是关于政治的，第一段先是解释一个名词，legis-开头，意思好像是，人们即使内心不同意统治者（不就是法律），也会按照这个制度的规定做事。第二段又开始介绍一个人的理论，将legis-分为3种，以下分别介绍这三种类型。 第一种的领导人是世袭，但是这种类型不能适应社会不就是经济变化。第二种忘了，印象中是个人魅力还是能力支撑的领导体系，这种类型可以适当适应变化。第三种是法制，存在一个问题，就是领导人腐败，如果不惩罚这些abuse the authority的人，这个体系也不稳定。
综合写作
1、玛雅文明的灭绝是因为干旱，理由
第一，那时候确实有干旱出现，shell证明的。
第二，writing system截止于那个时期。
第三，亚马逊文明和玛雅很像，也是因为干旱没的。
教授：
反驳作者，理由
第一，玛雅文明天天干旱，每200年就旱一次，那不是要死几次了。
第二，那是天天打仗，很有可能被征服者带走了。
第三，亚马逊的不能和玛雅的比，玛雅的那么好的水系统，可以存储1.5年的水。
独立写作
In order to solve the problems of the present and the future, people should review the past.类似~~
口语
Task 1 Describe your favorite movie star or singer.类似= =
Task 2 Do you prefer to plan every detail of the vacation or leave every detail flexible open to change?
Task 3
Dear Editor,
I’m a student that would like to provide the university with some recommendations that would improve the effectiveness of our studies. From my own experience as a university student I have come to realize that it would be beneficial for students to bring their computers to class. This would help the students take notes as well as assist them to search relevant information the internet to help them understand lectures better.
A: Did you read about the letter a student wrote to the university newspaper?
B: No, not really, why? What is it about?
A: The student recommended that is should be mandatory for all students to bring a laptop to class. It mentioned that it would be useful for taking notes as well as searching for information to help understand the lectures better.
B: That sounds like a good idea.
A: No, I think it’s not practical at all.
B: Why?
A: Most of the students that bring a computer to class wouldn’t even be paying attention to the lectures anymore. They would just use it to play games or chat with their friends.
B: I don’t think that’s true for all students.
A: I know, but this requirement would be prejudice for the students that don’t have enough money to buy a computer. Not all of the students can afford a laptop, so would they university provide one for the students that doesn’t have one?
task4 讲植物的防御的两个process~professor举得例子一种树~砍掉它的branch~会分泌chemical 然后第二部这个chemical也会作为信号让别的植物（还是植物的其他部分）也知道受到危险然后一起分泌化学物质……类似
Task5A: Hey, are you ready?
B: Ready for what?
A: There is a quiz today.
B: Really, I didn’t go to the last class. I don’t even know what the quiz will be about.
A: I can lend you my laptop and can review with it. It’s not that well kept but it’s better than nothing. You still have an hour to study, so you better hurry.
B: Ah? I promised my chemistry professor to meet with him to discuss my research thesis. I really shouldn’t cancel the meeting I set up the study session a week ago.
A: Well, the only other way is to ask the professor to take the quiz another time.
B: Are you sure that would be ok? Wouldn’t that leave him with a bad impression and affect my final grade?类似
task6商品的价格对供求关系的影响，两个例子一个是soft drink， 降价了于是卖的好啦~因为消费者会觉得便宜了呢>o< 然后computer呢~~降价了反而卖得不好~~因为消费者觉得便宜没好货
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